Psychedelics are substances (natural or laboratory made) which cause profound changes in a one’s perceptions of reality. While under the influence of hallucinogens, users might hallcuniate visually and auditorily.

This is a commonly used substance with well known effects, but that does not guarantee the substance will be safe. The safety profile has been established based on usage data commonly reported by others.

Disclaimer: Psychedelic drugs offer some of the most powerful and intense psychological experiences. Additionally these substances are illegal in many places. We understand that even though these substances are illegal, their use occurs frequently. We do not condone breaking of the law. By providing accurate information about these substances, we encourage the user to make responsible decisions and practice harm reduction.

Read the full disclaimer here.

Description

LSD Also known as:

  • (+)-LSD
  • (+)-lysergic acid diethylamide
  • (+)-lysergide
  • (8β)-N,N-Diethyl-6-methyl-9,10-didehydroergolin-8-carboxamid[German][ACD/IUPAC Name]
  • (8β)-N,N-Diethyl-6-methyl-9,10-didehydroergoline-8-carboxamide[ACD/IUPAC Name]
  • (8β)-N,N-Diéthyl-6-méthyl-9,10-didéhydroergoline-8-carboxamide[French][ACD/IUPAC Name]
  • 9,10-Didehydro-N,N-diethyl-6-methylergoline-8b-carboxamide
  • Blotter Acid
  • Blue Acid
  • Blue Cheer
  • Blue Mist
  • Blue Star
  • D-lysergic acid diethylamide
  • Ergoline-8-carboxamide, 9,10-didehydro-N,N-diethyl-6-methyl-, (8β)-[ACD/Index Name]
  • lisergida[Spanish][INN]
  • LSD
  • Lysergamide, N,N-diethyl-
  • Lysergic acid diethylamide[Wiki]
  • Lysergsaure Diethylamid[German]
  • MFCD00135795[MDL number]
  • N,N-diethyl-(+)-lysergamide
  • N,N-diethyllysergamide
  • лизергид[Russian][INN]
  • ليسيرجيد[Arabic]
  • 麦角二乙胺[Chinese][INN]
  • (4R,7R)-N,N-diethyl-6-methyl-6,11-diazatetracyclo[7.6.1.02,7.012,16]hexadeca-1(16),2,9,12,14-pentaene-4-carboxamide
  • (4R,7R)-N,N-diethyl-6-methyl-6,11-diazatetracyclo[7.6.1.02,7.012,16]hexadeca-1(16),2,9,12,14-pentaene-4-carboxamide
  • (6aR,9R)-N,N-diethyl-7-methyl-6,6a,8,9-tetrahydro-4H-indolo[4,3-fg]quinoline-9-carboxamide
  • (8R)-9,10-didehydro-N,N-diethyl-6-methylergoline-8-carboxamide
  • (8α)-N,N-Diethyl-6-methyl-9,10-didehydroergoline-8-carboxamide[ACD/IUPAC Name]
  • [3H]LSD
  • [3H]-LSD
  • 4-25-00-00939 (Beilstein Handbook Reference)[Beilstein]
  • 7LD
  • 9,10-Didehydro-N,N-diethyl-6-methyl-ergoline-8-β-carboxamide
  • Barrels
  • Bart Simpson
  • Bartman
  • Beast
  • Big F
  • Brown Dots
  • California Sunshine
  • Changrolin
  • Cherry To
  • Chief
  • Chocolate Chips
  • Clearlight
  • Coffee
  • Contact Lens
  • Cubes
  • Cupcakes
  • Dextrolysergic acid diethylamide
  • Diethylamid kyseliny lysergove[Czech]
  • D-Lsd
  • D-LSD-25
  • d-Lysergic acid dethylamide
  • D-Lysergic acid N,N-diethylamide
  • Domes
  • Ergoline-8β-carboxamide, 9,10-didehydro-N,N-diethyl-6-methyl-
  • Ergoline-8-β-carboxamide, 9,10-didehydro-N,N-diethyl-6-methyl-
  • Fifty
  • Gelatin Chips
  • Greenies
  • Hawk
  • Haze
  • Heavenly Blue
  • Instant Zen
  • Lids
  • Lisergido[Spanish][INN]
  • Lysergamid
  • Lysergate diethylamide
  • Lysergaure diethylamid
  • lysergic acid amide
  • LYSERGIDE-D10
  • Lysergsaeurediaethylamid
  • Lysergsaeurediethylamid
  • Lysergsauerediaethylamid
  • Mean Green
  • Mellow Yellow
  • Microdots
  • N,N-Diethyl-6-methyl-9,10-didehydroergoline-8-carboxamide[ACD/IUPAC Name]
  • N,N-diethyl-D-lysergamide
  • Orange Mushroom
  • Orange Sunshine
  • Orange Wedges
  • Owsley
  • p9,10-Didehydro-N,N-diethyl-6-methylergoline-8b-carboxamide
  • Paper Acid
  • Pearly gates
  • pSunshine
  • Purple Haze
  • Purple Microdot
  • Royal Blue
  • Scapes
  • Spoonies
  • Strawberry Fields
  • Sugar Lum
  • TABS
  • The Hawk
  • Trippers
  • Ubergluben
  • Wedding bells
  • Wedding Bells Acid
  • Wedges
  • White Light
  • Window Pane
  • Yellows

LSD is a popular psychedelic with a relatively long history of use and research, and as such is known to be relatively safe despite its extremely high potency. It is the archetypical psychedelic to which all others are compared, and remains in popular usage.

Summary

It is considered to be the the best known, most researched, and culturally influential psychedelic substance. It is thought to produce its psychedelic effects by binding to serotonin receptors in the brain, although the precise mechanism is not fully understood. The psychoactive effects of LSD were first discovered in 1943 by Albert Hofmann, a Swiss chemist working for Sandoz Laboratories.

In the 1950s it was distributed by Sandoz under the name Delysid for use as an experimental drug in psychotherapy and scientific research. During this period, LSD generated widespread interest from clinicians, researchers, and intellectuals and was notoriously the subject of a secret investigation by the U. S.

Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) for potential applications in “mind control”. Recreational LSD use became a central part of the 1960s youth counterculture movement which eventually led to its prohibition in 1971. Following a 40 year hiatus, research into the therapeutic applications of LSD has experienced a revival.

It is currently being investigated for the treatment of a number of ailments including alcoholism, addiction, cluster headache, and anxiety associated with terminal illness. LSD remains in widespread illicit use for recreational and spiritual purposes. The lifetime prevalence of LSD use among adults is in the range of 6-8%.

Subjective effects include open and closed-eye visuals, time distortion, enhanced introspection, conceptual thinking, euphoria, and ego loss. LSD is commonly reported to be able to evoke mystical-type experiences that can facilitate self-reflection and personal growth. It is considered by some to be the first modern entheogen, a category which is otherwise limited to traditional plant preparations or extracts.

Unlike other highly prohibited substances, LSD has not been proven to be physiologically toxic or addictive. However, adverse psychological reactions such as severe anxiety, paranoia, delusions, and psychosis are always possible, particularly for those predisposed to psychiatric disorders. As a result, it is highly advised to use harm reduction practices if using this substance.

History

However, its psychoactive properties were not discovered until five years later when Hofmann claimed to have accidentally ingested an unknown quantity of the chemical before proceeding to ride his bike home. The first intentional ingestion of LSD occurred on April 19, 1943. Hofmann ingested 250 micrograms (µg) of LSD, believing it would be a threshold dose based on the doses of other ergot alkaloids. Hofmann found the effects to be much stronger than he anticipated and was impressed by its profound mind-altering effects. In 1947, Sandoz introduced LSD to the medical community under the name Delysid as an experimental tool to induce temporary psychotic-like states in normals (“model-psychosis”) and later to enhance psychotherapeutic treatments (“psycholytic” or “psychedelic” therapy). LSD had a major impact in the areas of scientific research and psychiatry. Within 15 years of its release, research on LSD and other hallucinogens generated over 1,000 scientific papers and was prescribed to over 40,000 patients. In the 1950s, the US Central Intelligence Agency began a research program code named MK-ULTRA that would conduct clandestine research investigating LSD for applications in mind control and chemical warfare. Experiments included administering LSD to CIA employees, military personnel, doctors, prostitutes, mentally ill patients, and members of the general public without their knowledge or consent, which resulted in at least one death. In 1963, the Sandoz patents for LSD expired. Several prominent intellectuals, including Aldous Huxley, Timothy Leary, and Al Hubbard began to advocate for the consumption of LSD. LSD became a central part of the youth-driven counterculture of the 1960s. Along with other hallucinogens, LSD was advocated by new proponents of consciousness expansion such as Leary, Huxley, Alan Watts and Arthur Koestler who, according to L. R. Veysey, profoundly influenced the thinking of the new generation of youth. On October 24, 1968, possession of LSD was made illegal in the United States.

The last FDA approved study of LSD in patients ended in 1980, while a study in healthy volunteers was made in the late 1980s. Legally approved and regulated psychiatric use of LSD continued in Switzerland until 1993.

Chemistry

LSD's chemical structure consists of a bicyclic hexahydroindole ring fused to a bicyclic quinoline group (lysergic acid).

At carbon 8 of the quinoline an N,N-diethyl carboxamide is bound.

LSD is additionally substituted at carbon 6 with a methyl group. LSD is a chiral compound with two stereocenters at R5 and R8.

LSD, also called (+)-D-LSD, has an absolute configuration of (5R, 8R).

The three other stereoisomers of LSD do not have psychoactive properties. LSD occurs as a colorless, odorless crystal in its pure form.

LSD is sensitive to oxygen, ultraviolet light, and chlorine (especially in solution).

Its potency may last for years if it is stored away from light and moisture at cold temperatures around 0°C or below, but will slowly degrade at normal room temperature (25°C).

Common NameLysergic acid diethylamide
Systematic nameLysergic acid diethylamide
FormulaC_{20}H_{25}N_{3}O
SMILESCCN(CC)C(=O)[C@H]1CN([C@@H]2Cc3c[nH]c4c3c(ccc4)C2=C1)C
Std. InChiInChI=1S/C20H25N3O/c1-4-23(5-2)20(24)14-9-16-15-7-6-8-17-19(15)13(11-21-17)10-18(16)22(3)12-14/h6-9,11,14,18,21H,4-5,10,12H2,1-3H3/t14-,18-/m1/s1
Std. InChiKeyVAYOSLLFUXYJDT-RDTXWAMCSA-N
Avg. Mass323.432 Da
Molecular Weight323.432
Monoisotopic Mass323.199768 Da
Nominal Mass323
ChemSpider ID5558

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Dose Chart

Oral
Light50-100ug
Common100-150ug
Strong175-225ug
Heavy250ug+

Duration Chart

LSD Duration Data
Onset45-90 minutes
Duration9-14 hours
After-effects12-24 hours

Interactions

Caution

  1. Cannabis
    • Cannabis has an unexpectedly strong and somewhat unpredictable synergy with psychedelics.
  2. Amphetamines
    • Stimulants increase anxiety levels and the risk of thought loops which can lead to negative experiences
  3. Cocaine
    • Stimulants increase anxiety levels and the risk of thought loops which can lead to negative experiences

Dangerous

  1. Tramadol
    • Tramadol is well known to lower seizure threshold and psychedelics also cause occasional seizures.

Low Synergy

  1. Alcohol
  2. GHB/GBL
  3. Benzodiazepines
  4. MAOIs
  5. SSRIs

No Synergy

  1. Caffeine
  2. Opioids

High Synergy

  1. Mushrooms
  2. DMT
  3. Mescaline
  4. DOx
  5. NBOMes
  6. 2C-x
  7. 2C-T-x
  8. αMT
  9. 5-MeO-xxT
  10. Ketamine
  11. MXE
  12. DXM
  13. PCP
  14. N2O
  15. MDMA

Legal Status

Internationally, the UN 1971 Convention on Psychotropic Substances requires its parties to prohibit LSD. Hence, it is illegal in all parties to the convention, which includes the United States, Australia, New Zealand, and most of Europe. Medical and scientific research with LSD in humans is permitted under the 1971 UN Convention, although has been reported to be difficult to actually carry out in practice.

  • Austria: LSD is illegal to possess, produce and sell under the SMG (Suchtmittelgesetz Österreich).

  • Canada: LSD is a Schedule III controlled substance in Canada.
  • Denmark: LSD is a Category A controlled substance in Denmark.
  • Germany: LSD is controlled under Anlage I BtMG (Narcotics Act, Schedule I), former: Opiumgesetz (Opium Act) as of February 25, 1967. It is illegal to manufacture, possess, import, export, buy, sell, procure or dispense it without a license.
  • Latvia: LSD is a Schedule I controlled substance in Latvia.
  • Portugal: LSD is illegal to produce, sell or trade in Portugal. However since 2001, individuals found in possession of small quantities (up to 500 µg) are considered sick individuals instead of criminals. The substance is confiscated and the suspects may be forced to attend a dissuasion session at the nearest CDT (Commission for the Dissuasion of Drug Addiction) or pay a fine, in most cases.
  • United Kingdom: LSD is a Class A controlled substance in the United Kingdom.
  • United States: LSD is a Schedule I controlled substance under the Controlled Substances Act of 1970. This means it is illegal to manufacture, buy, possess, process, or distribute without a license from the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA).

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